Research Methodology

The method is a way / procedure to systematically do / learn something. While the methodology is a study in learning the procedure / rules of a method. So the research methodology is a study to learn the rules / ways of conducting research.

The methods performed in a scientific research, namely:


1. determination of the principal variables
2. determination of population
3. Sampling techniques / sampling
4. methods & techniques of data collection
5. research instruments
6. data analysis


1. determination of the principal variables

 * Determining basic variables based on the formulation of hypotheses that have been made before.


2. determination of population

* Population is all good value from the results of a calculation or measurement, both quantitative and qualitative, of the particular characteristics of a group of objects that is clear and complete.
* The purpose of determining the population is to be able to determine the amount of samples taken from members of the population.


3. Sampling techniques:

* A sample is a member of the population taken by using certain techniques (sampling technique). Types of sampling techniques:


1. Random sampling (probability sampling), ie random sampling is done by lottery, ordinal (a random number table), or with the computer. Random sampling technique consists of four types, namely:

• Simple Random Sampling (Simple Random Sampling)

The main feature of this technique is that each element of the overall population has an equal opportunity to be selected. How to use the lottery, ordinal, a random number table, or computer. The advantage is that members of the sample easily and quickly obtained. The disadvantage is that sometimes do not get complete data from the population.

• Sampling Techniques Story (Stratified Sampling)

This sampling technique known as sampling technique layered, tiered, and petala. This technique is used when the population is heterogeneous or consist of a multilevel groups. Determining the level based on certain characteristics. For example: according to age, education, grade / rank, and so forth. This technique would be better if it comes with the use of proportional, so that each level is represented by a comparable amount. Equipped with a stratified proportional random is called proportional stratified random sampling. The advantage of using this way is a member of more representative samples taken. The disadvantage is the introduction of more onerous on the characteristics of the population.

• Cluster Sampling Technique (cluster sampling)

Also called area sampling techniques, conditional sampling, or sampling restricted. This technique is used when the population spread in some regions, provinces, districts, subdistricts, and so on. On the map area are given plots and each plots are numbered. The numbers were then drawn at random to become a member of the sample. The advantage is a technique using B can take a large population spread across various regions and in its implementation easier and cheaper compared to other techniques. While the disadvantage is the number of individuals in each of these options are not the same and there may be a resident of a berpinda area to another area without the knowledge of researchers, so that residents become members of the duplicate sample.

• Systematic Sampling Technique (Systematical Sampling)

This technique is actually a simple random sampling technique carried out ordinarily. This means that the sample members are selected based on a specific sequence. For example every multiple of 5 or 10 from a list of employees in an office. The advantage of this technique is faster and easier. While the disadvantage is sometimes less representative of the population.


2. Non-Random Sampling (Non-Probability Sampling), which is also called incidental sampling, ie not randomly sampling. Consisting of three types, namely:

• Sampling Technique Incidentally (and accidental sampling)

Accidental sampling technique carried out when the election of members of the sample is carried out on people or things that happened there or encountered. The advantage of using this technique is inexpensive, quick and easy while the disadvantage is less representative.

• Aiming Sampling Techniques (Purposive Sampling)

This technique is used when sample members are selected by khusuh based on objective research. For example for the investigation of traffic rules, only those who have a driver's license or no driver's license are made members of the sample. The advantage of this technique is cheap, fast, easy, and relevant to the purpose of research. While the disadvantage is not representative for general conclusions.

• Quota Sampling Techniques (Quota Sampling)

This technique is used when members of the sample at a certain level of selected denganjumlah (quotas) with certain characteristics. This technique has advantages and disadvantages in common with the aim of sampling techniques.


The magnitude of the sample must be calculated based on the specific techniques that apply to the conclusion that the population can be accounted for.


4. Methods and Techniques of Data Collection

• The scientific method is essentially a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. Hypotheses derived from the formula filing theoretical framework and the framework of deductive thinking, so to test that hypothesis can be accepted or not must be proven with existing data in the field.

• Data collection techniques have methods are: observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation (valid documents that have been there before).

Data analysis

* The purpose of data analysis is to determine:
o what data still needs to be sought
o what needs to be tested hypotheses
o What questions should be answered
o What methods should be used to obtain new information
o and errors should be corrected
* The methods for analyzing the data, namely:
o The data reduction
o display data
o deduction and verification



reference:
Husaini Asman & Purnomo Setiadi Akbar, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial, Bumi Aksara, Bandung, 1995.